= Formats for Dates and Times

Several Ruby time-related classes have instance method +strftime+,
which returns a formatted string representing all or part of a date or time:

- Date#strftime.
- DateTime#strftime.
- Time#strftime.

Each of these methods takes optional argument +format+,
which has zero or more embedded _format_ _specifications_ (see below).

Each of these methods returns the string resulting from replacing each
format specification embedded in +format+ with a string form
of one or more parts of the date or time.

A simple example:

  Time.now.strftime('%H:%M:%S') # => "14:02:07"

A format specification has the form:

  %[flags][width]conversion

It consists of:

- A leading percent character.
- Zero or more _flags_ (each is a character).
- An optional _width_ _specifier_ (an integer).
- A _conversion_ _specifier_ (a character).

Except for the leading percent character,
the only required part is the conversion specifier, so we begin with that.

== Conversion Specifiers

=== \Date (Year, Month, Day)

- <tt>%Y</tt> - Year including century, zero-padded:

    Time.now.strftime('%Y')        # => "2022"
    Time.new(-1000).strftime('%Y') # => "-1000" # Before common era.
    Time.new(10000).strftime('%Y') # => "10000" # Far future.
    Time.new(10).strftime('%Y')    # => "0010"  # Zero-padded by default.

- <tt>%y</tt> - Year without century, in range (0.99), zero-padded:

    Time.now.strftime('%y')    # => "22"
    Time.new(1).strftime('%y') # => "01" # Zero-padded by default.

- <tt>%C</tt> - Century, zero-padded:

    Time.now.strftime('%C')        # => "20"
    Time.new(-1000).strftime('%C') # => "-10" # Before common era.
    Time.new(10000).strftime('%C') # => "100" # Far future.
    Time.new(100).strftime('%C')   # => "01"  # Zero-padded by default.

- <tt>%m</tt> - Month of the year, in range (1..12), zero-padded:

    Time.new(2022, 1).strftime('%m')  # => "01" # Zero-padded by default.
    Time.new(2022, 12).strftime('%m') # => "12"

- <tt>%B</tt> - Full month name, capitalized:

    Time.new(2022, 1).strftime('%B')  # => "January"
    Time.new(2022, 12).strftime('%B') # => "December"

- <tt>%b</tt> - Abbreviated month name, capitalized:

    Time.new(2022, 1).strftime('%b')  # => "Jan"
    Time.new(2022, 12).strftime('%h') # => "Dec"

- <tt>%h</tt> - Same as <tt>%b</tt>.

- <tt>%d</tt> - Day of the month, in range (1..31), zero-padded:

    Time.new(2002, 1, 1).strftime('%d')  # => "01"
    Time.new(2002, 1, 31).strftime('%d') # => "31"

- <tt>%e</tt> - Day of the month, in range (1..31), blank-padded:

    Time.new(2002, 1, 1).strftime('%e')  # => " 1"
    Time.new(2002, 1, 31).strftime('%e') # => "31"

- <tt>%j</tt> - Day of the year, in range (1..366), zero-padded:

    Time.new(2002, 1, 1).strftime('%j')   # => "001"
    Time.new(2002, 12, 31).strftime('%j') # => "365"

=== \Time (Hour, Minute, Second, Subsecond)

- <tt>%H</tt> - Hour of the day, in range (0..23), zero-padded:

    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%H')  # => "01"
    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%H') # => "13"

- <tt>%k</tt> - Hour of the day, in range (0..23), blank-padded:

    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%k')  # => " 1"
    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%k') # => "13"

- <tt>%I</tt> - Hour of the day, in range (1..12), zero-padded:

    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%I')  # => "01"
    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%I') # => "01"

- <tt>%l</tt> - Hour of the day, in range (1..12), blank-padded:

    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%l')  # => " 1"
    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%l') # => " 1"

- <tt>%P</tt> - Meridian indicator, lowercase:

    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%P')  # => "am"
    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%P') # => "pm"

- <tt>%p</tt> - Meridian indicator, uppercase:

    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%p')  # => "AM"
    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%p') # => "PM"

- <tt>%M</tt> - Minute of the hour, in range (0..59), zero-padded:

    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0).strftime('%M') # => "00"

- <tt>%S</tt> - Second of the minute in range (0..59), zero-padded:

    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0).strftime('%S') # => "00"

- <tt>%L</tt> - Millisecond of the second, in range (0..999), zero-padded:

    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0).strftime('%L') # => "000"

- <tt>%N</tt> - Fractional seconds, default width is 9 digits (nanoseconds):

    t = Time.now       # => 2022-06-29 07:10:20.3230914 -0500
    t.strftime('%N')   # => "323091400"                  # Default.

  Use {width specifiers}[rdoc-ref:@Width+Specifiers]
  to adjust units:

      t.strftime('%3N')  # => "323"                      # Milliseconds.
      t.strftime('%6N')  # => "323091"                   # Microseconds.
      t.strftime('%9N')  # => "323091400"                # Nanoseconds.
      t.strftime('%12N') # => "323091400000"             # Picoseconds.
      t.strftime('%15N') # => "323091400000000"          # Femptoseconds.
      t.strftime('%18N') # => "323091400000000000"       # Attoseconds.
      t.strftime('%21N') # => "323091400000000000000"    # Zeptoseconds.
      t.strftime('%24N') # => "323091400000000000000000" # Yoctoseconds.

- <tt>%s</tt> - Number of seconds since the epoch:

    Time.now.strftime('%s') # => "1656505136"

=== Timezone

- <tt>%z</tt> - Timezone as hour and minute offset from UTC:

    Time.now.strftime('%z') # => "-0500"

- <tt>%Z</tt> - Timezone name (platform-dependent):

    Time.now.strftime('%Z') # => "Central Daylight Time"

=== Weekday

- <tt>%A</tt> - Full weekday name:

    Time.now.strftime('%A') # => "Wednesday"

- <tt>%a</tt> - Abbreviated weekday name:

    Time.now.strftime('%a') # => "Wed"

- <tt>%u</tt> - Day of the week, in range (1..7), Monday is 1:

    t = Time.new(2022, 6, 26) # => 2022-06-26 00:00:00 -0500
    t.strftime('%a')          # => "Sun"
    t.strftime('%u')          # => "7"

- <tt>%w</tt> - Day of the week, in range (0..6), Sunday is 0:

    t = Time.new(2022, 6, 26) # => 2022-06-26 00:00:00 -0500
    t.strftime('%a')          # => "Sun"
    t.strftime('%w')          # => "0"

=== Week Number

- <tt>%U</tt> - Week number of the year, in range (0..53), zero-padded,
  where each week begins on a Sunday:

    t = Time.new(2022, 6, 26) # => 2022-06-26 00:00:00 -0500
    t.strftime('%a')          # => "Sun"
    t.strftime('%U')          # => "26"

- <tt>%W</tt> - Week number of the year, in range (0..53), zero-padded,
  where each week begins on a Monday:

    t = Time.new(2022, 6, 26) # => 2022-06-26 00:00:00 -0500
    t.strftime('%a')          # => "Sun"
    t.strftime('%W')          # => "25"

=== Week Dates

See {ISO 8601 week dates}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Week_dates].

    t0 = Time.new(2023, 1, 1) # => 2023-01-01 00:00:00 -0600
    t1 = Time.new(2024, 1, 1) # => 2024-01-01 00:00:00 -0600

- <tt>%G</tt> - Week-based year:

    t0.strftime('%G') # => "2022"
    t1.strftime('%G') # => "2024"

- <tt>%g</tt> - Week-based year without century, in range (0..99), zero-padded:

    t0.strftime('%g') # => "22"
    t1.strftime('%g') # => "24"

- <tt>%V</tt> - Week number of the week-based year, in range (1..53),
  zero-padded:

    t0.strftime('%V') # => "52"
    t1.strftime('%V') # => "01"

=== Literals

- <tt>%n</tt> - Newline character "\n":

    Time.now.strftime('%n') # => "\n"

- <tt>%t</tt> - Tab character "\t":

    Time.now.strftime('%t') # => "\t"

- <tt>%%</tt> - Percent character '%':

    Time.now.strftime('%%') # => "%"

=== Shorthand Conversion Specifiers

Each shorthand specifier here is shown with its corresponding
longhand specifier.

- <tt>%c</tt> - \Date and time:

    Time.now.strftime('%c')             # => "Wed Jun 29 08:01:41 2022"
    Time.now.strftime('%a %b %e %T %Y') # => "Wed Jun 29 08:02:07 2022"

- <tt>%D</tt> - \Date:

    Time.now.strftime('%D')       # => "06/29/22"
    Time.now.strftime('%m/%d/%y') # => "06/29/22"

- <tt>%F</tt> - ISO 8601 date:

    Time.now.strftime('%F')       # => "2022-06-29"
    Time.now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') # => "2022-06-29"

- <tt>%v</tt> - VMS date:

    Time.now.strftime('%v')         # => "29-JUN-2022"
    Time.now.strftime('%e-%^b-%4Y') # => "29-JUN-2022"

- <tt>%x</tt> - Same as <tt>%D</tt>.

- <tt>%X</tt> - Same as <tt>%T</tt>.

- <tt>%r</tt> - 12-hour time:

    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%r')           # => "01:00:00 AM"
    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%I:%M:%S %p')  # => "01:00:00 AM"
    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%r')          # => "01:00:00 PM"
    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%I:%M:%S %p') # => "01:00:00 PM"

- <tt>%R</tt> - 24-hour time:

    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%R')     # => "01:00"
    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%H:%M')  # => "01:00"
    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%R')    # => "13:00"
    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%H:%M') # => "13:00"

- <tt>%T</tt> - 24-hour time:

    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%T')        # => "01:00:00"
    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%H:%M:%S')  # => "01:00:00"
    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%T')       # => "13:00:00"
    Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%H:%M:%S') # => "13:00:00"

- <tt>%+</tt> (not supported in Time#strftime) - \Date and time:

    DateTime.now.strftime('%+')
    # => "Wed Jun 29 08:31:53 -05:00 2022"
    DateTime.now.strftime('%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y')
    # => "Wed Jun 29 08:32:18 -05:00 2022"

== Flags

Flags may affect certain formatting specifications.

Multiple flags may be given with a single conversion specified;
order does not matter.

=== Padding Flags

- <tt>0</tt> - Pad with zeroes:

    Time.new(10).strftime('%0Y') # => "0010"

- <tt>_</tt> - Pad with blanks:

    Time.new(10).strftime('%_Y') # => "  10"

- <tt>-</tt> - Don't pad:

    Time.new(10).strftime('%-Y') # => "10"

=== Casing Flags

- <tt>^</tt> - Upcase result:

    Time.new(2022, 1).strftime('%B')  # => "January" # No casing flag.
    Time.new(2022, 1).strftime('%^B') # => "JANUARY"

- <tt>#</tt> - Swapcase result:

    Time.now.strftime('%p')  # => "AM"
    Time.now.strftime('%^p') # => "AM"
    Time.now.strftime('%#p') # => "am"

=== Timezone Flags

- <tt>:</tt> - Put timezone as colon-separated hours and minutes:

    Time.now.strftime('%:z')  # => "-05:00"

- <tt>::</tt> - Put timezone as colon-separated hours, minutes, and seconds:

    Time.now.strftime('%::z') # => "-05:00:00"

== Width Specifiers

The integer width specifier gives a minimum width for the returned string:

  Time.new(2002).strftime('%Y')       # => "2002"     # No width specifier.
  Time.new(2002).strftime('%10Y')     # => "0000002002"
  Time.new(2002, 12).strftime('%B')   # => "December" # No width specifier.
  Time.new(2002, 12).strftime('%10B') # => "  December"
  Time.new(2002, 12).strftime('%3B')  # => "December" # Ignored if too small.

= Specialized Format Strings

Here are a few specialized format strings,
each based on an external standard.

== HTTP Format

The HTTP date format is based on
{RFC 2616}[https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2616],
and treats dates in the format <tt>'%a, %d %b %Y %T GMT'</tt>:

  d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3) # => #<Date: 2001-02-03>
  # Return HTTP-formatted string.
  httpdate = d.httpdate    # => "Sat, 03 Feb 2001 00:00:00 GMT"
  # Return new date parsed from HTTP-formatted string.
  Date.httpdate(httpdate)  # => #<Date: 2001-02-03>
  # Return hash parsed from HTTP-formatted string.
  Date._httpdate(httpdate)
  # => {:wday=>6, :mday=>3, :mon=>2, :year=>2001, :hour=>0, :min=>0, :sec=>0, :zone=>"GMT", :offset=>0}

== RFC 3339 Format

The RFC 3339 date format is based on
{RFC 3339}[https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3339]:

  d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3) # => #<Date: 2001-02-03>
  # Return 3339-formatted string.
  rfc3339 = d.rfc3339      # => "2001-02-03T00:00:00+00:00"
  # Return new date parsed from 3339-formatted string.
  Date.rfc3339(rfc3339)    # => #<Date: 2001-02-03>
  # Return hash parsed from 3339-formatted string.
  Date._rfc3339(rfc3339)
  # => {:year=>2001, :mon=>2, :mday=>3, :hour=>0, :min=>0, :sec=>0, :zone=>"+00:00", :offset=>0}

== RFC 2822 Format

The RFC 2822 date format is based on
{RFC 2822}[https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2822],
and treats dates in the format <tt>'%a, %-d %b %Y %T %z'</tt>]:

  d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3) # => #<Date: 2001-02-03>
  # Return 2822-formatted string.
  rfc2822 = d.rfc2822      # => "Sat, 3 Feb 2001 00:00:00 +0000"
  # Return new date parsed from 2822-formatted string.
  Date.rfc2822(rfc2822)    # => #<Date: 2001-02-03>
  # Return hash parsed from 2822-formatted string.
  Date._rfc2822(rfc2822)
  # => {:wday=>6, :mday=>3, :mon=>2, :year=>2001, :hour=>0, :min=>0, :sec=>0, :zone=>"+0000", :offset=>0}

== JIS X 0301 Format

The JIS X 0301 format includes the
{Japanese era name}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_era_name],
and treats dates in the format <tt>'%Y-%m-%d'</tt>
with the first letter of the romanized era name prefixed:

  d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3) # => #<Date: 2001-02-03>
  # Return 0301-formatted string.
  jisx0301 = d.jisx0301    # => "H13.02.03"
  # Return new date parsed from 0301-formatted string.
  Date.jisx0301(jisx0301)  # => #<Date: 2001-02-03>
  # Return hash parsed from 0301-formatted string.
  Date._jisx0301(jisx0301) # => {:year=>2001, :mon=>2, :mday=>3}

== ISO 8601 Format Specifications

This section shows format specifications that are compatible with
{ISO 8601}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601].
Details for various formats may be seen at the links.

Examples in this section assume:

  t = Time.now # => 2022-06-29 16:49:25.465246 -0500

=== Dates

See {ISO 8601 dates}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Dates].

- {Years}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Years]:

  - Basic year (+YYYY+):

      t.strftime('%Y') # => "2022"

  - Expanded year (<tt>±YYYYY</tt>):

      t.strftime('+%5Y') # => "+02022"
      t.strftime('-%5Y') # => "-02022"

- {Calendar dates}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Calendar_dates]:

  - Basic date (+YYYYMMDD+):

      t.strftime('%Y%m%d') # => "20220629"

  - Extended date (<tt>YYYY-MM-DD</tt>):

      t.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') # => "2022-06-29"

  - Reduced extended date (<tt>YYYY-MM</tt>):

      t.strftime('%Y-%m') # => "2022-06"

- {Week dates}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Week_dates]:

  - Basic date (+YYYYWww+ or +YYYYWwwD+):

      t.strftime('%Y%Ww')   # => "202226w"
      t.strftime('%Y%Ww%u') # => "202226w3"

  - Extended date (<tt>YYYY-Www</tt> or <tt>YYYY-Www-D<tt>):

      t.strftime('%Y-%Ww')    # => "2022-26w"
      t.strftime('%Y-%Ww-%u') # => "2022-26w-3"

- {Ordinal dates}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Ordinal_dates]:

  - Basic date (+YYYYDDD+):

      t.strftime('%Y%j') # => "2022180"

  - Extended date (<tt>YYYY-DDD</tt>):

      t.strftime('%Y-%j') # => "2022-180"

=== Times

See {ISO 8601 times}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Times].

- Times:

  - Basic time (+Thhmmss.sss+, +Thhmmss+, +Thhmm+, or +Thh+):

      t.strftime('T%H%M%S.%L') # => "T164925.465"
      t.strftime('T%H%M%S')    # => "T164925"
      t.strftime('T%H%M')      # => "T1649"
      t.strftime('T%H')        # => "T16"

  - Extended time (+Thh:mm:ss.sss+, +Thh:mm:ss+, or +Thh:mm+):

      t.strftime('T%H:%M:%S.%L') # => "T16:49:25.465"
      t.strftime('T%H:%M:%S')    # => "T16:49:25"
      t.strftime('T%H:%M')       # => "T16:49"

- {Time zone designators}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Time_zone_designators]:

  - Timezone (+time+ represents a valid time,
    +hh+ represents a valid 2-digit hour,
    and +mm+ represents a valid 2-digit minute):

    - Basic timezone (<tt>time±hhmm</tt>, <tt>time±hh</tt>, or +timeZ+):

        t.strftime('T%H%M%S%z')              # => "T164925-0500"
        t.strftime('T%H%M%S%z').slice(0..-3) # => "T164925-05"
        t.strftime('T%H%M%SZ')               # => "T164925Z"

    - Extended timezone (<tt>time±hh:mm</tt>):

        t.strftime('T%H:%M:%S%z') # => "T16:49:25-0500"

  - See also:

    - {Local time (unqualified)}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Local_time_(unqualified)].
    - {Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Coordinated_Universal_Time_(UTC)].
    - {Time offsets from UTC}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Time_offsets_from_UTC].

=== Combined \Date and \Time

See {ISO 8601 Combined date and time representations}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Combined_date_and_time_representations].

An ISO 8601 combined date and time representation may be any
ISO 8601 date and any ISO 8601 time,
separated by the letter +T+.

For the relevant +strftime+ formats, see {Dates}[rdoc-ref:@Dates] and {Times}[rdoc-ref:@Times] above.
